Question: How do oils in a serum stay combined?

In this post, Nancy asks: Okay, here goes. I feel so dumb asking this question. If you make a facial serum out of oils and extracts with vastly different specific gravity, how do they stay together without shaking, or an emulsifier? I’ve seen plenty of shops on Etsy selling these. I make a product, but I...

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What the heck is a penetration enhancer?

Some people would have you believe that everything can penetrate the upper layers of your skin – the epidermis – and make it into your bloodstream, creating all kinds of problems and “poisoning us from the inside out”. They will argue that nicotine and estrogen patches prove their case that things that go on our...

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Chemistry of our skin: Aquaglyceroporins

Aquaglyceroporins are “membrane proteins that form water channels over cell membranes. They faciliate transport of water and solutes like glycerol or urea.” (This document, p. 78) In other words, aquaporins regulate the water flux in our skin (specifically in our epidermis, or outer layer of our skin). They are embedded in our cell membranes to help...

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Chemistry of our skin: An updated overview

I’ve updated this post with interesting things I’ve learned in the past two years. The original post can be found here.  Your skin is composed of three layers – the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis or subcutis. Our main focus will be the epidermis or the outer layer of our skin. I find it interesting...

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Question: Does glycerin draw water from your skin when the humidity is low? (updated)

I’m still on a quest to figure out the answer to this question…so let’s review information I’ve found so far. What is a humectant? “Humectancy or hygroscopy is the tendency of a substance to attract water from the surroundings by absorption and adsorption at defined conditions (temperature, humidity).” (page 26, this review). Is glycerin a...

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